The audit trail behind the homelessness research
Seventeen claims
did not survive
being checked
This project logged 1,302 documents, promoted 174 of them to citable sources, and wrote 968 claims against them. 885 were verified against a primary source. 17 were removed because they could not be. This page publishes the second number as prominently as the first, because a research corpus that never deletes anything is a corpus that never checked anything.
- Documents logged
- 1,302
- Cited by a claim
- 174
- Claims verified
- 885
- Claims removed
- 17
The number nobody publishes
1.76%
of what was written
did not hold up
17 claims out of 968. Each one was drafted by somebody who believed it, checked against the source it named, and struck out when the source did not say what the claim said. They stay in the files, marked, rather than being quietly deleted — which is the only version of this number that can be audited.
The pending count matters as much as the removed one. 66 claims are written down and not yet checked, and nothing on this site draws from them. A figure in that state is a note to a researcher, not a fact.
Receipt
773 entries in the claim ledger and 195 in the pinned-claims file, combined. Trust status is taken from each file's own column: VERIFIED, VERIFY, or UNVERIFIED-REMOVED.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — claims
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Verified 30 July – 8 August 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_claims.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- Source
- Toronto Homelessness & Housing Economics Claim Ledger
- Published by
- uniteTOlove / Toronto Auditor General & Budget Committee
- Period
- 2020–2025
- Retrieved
- 12 July 2026
- File
- data/civic/claim_ledger.csv
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
One row per sentence pinned to a primary source, carrying the verification path that stood it up. Thirteen rows are marked UNVERIFIED-REMOVED: they were written, checked, and could not be confirmed. They stay in the file because a corpus that deletes its failures cannot be audited. Every claim here is about homelessness policy specifically and does not generalise to other domains.
Every figure cross-referenced with Toronto Auditor General reports (2022, 2025), City of Toronto budget notes, and Street Needs Assessments. Unit economics (e.g. $359/night warming centre costs) reflect audited actuals.
The two files overlap in subject but not in row: a claim can exist in the ledger as a figure and in the pinned file as a sentence. The 968 total therefore counts records, not distinct assertions, and the true number of separate things being claimed is lower.
What happened to the documents
Most of what
was collected
was never used
1,302 documents went into the registry. 418 of them support no claim at all — collected, read, and found to say nothing that could be pinned. That is not waste; it is what searching looks like from the inside.
-
Documents logged 1,302
−439 logged and never promoted to a sources file
-
Promoted to a sources file 863
−689 promoted but not yet cited by a pinned claim
-
Cited by a pinned claim 174
Documents in the registry
32.1% of everything collected
Receipt
1,302 registry rows. “Promoted” reads the in_sources_md column; “cited” counts the rows present in the receipts sources file. Claim load reads the claim_count column, which the registry maintains as claims are minted.
- Source
- Homes & Homelessness Resource Registry
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Ingested 2026-07-02 to 2026-08-08
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- wiki/homes-homelessness/data/MAIN_DATA_003_Resource_Registry.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
Every document anybody on this project logged, including the ones that turned out to be useless: 418 of the 1,302 entries support no claim at all. The `category` column was written by hand across several ingestion passes and has drifted into 285 near-duplicate values, so category counts are indicative and the domain rollup is the reliable cut. `extraction_quality` is unrecorded for 1,285 rows and should not be read as a quality judgement.
385 distinct domains
Where the evidence
physically comes from
19.7% of the documents in the registry are hosted on toronto.ca. Of the 174 sources a claim actually cites, 32.2% are published by a government — usually the government whose performance the claim describes. That is not a flaw. Primary records are the point. It is the reason the split is printed rather than summarised.
309 claims rest on them
86 claims rest on them
124 claims rest on them
98 claims rest on them
84 claims rest on them
279 claims rest on them
22 claims rest on them
16 claims rest on them
9 claims rest on them
122 claims rest on them
9 claims rest on them
6 claims rest on them
40.2% of the cited base
20.7% of the cited base
18.4% of the cited base
20.7% of the cited base
Receipt
Domains are parsed from each registry row's URL, with the leading “www.” dropped; secure.toronto.ca and toronto.ca are counted separately because they are separate hosts. Jurisdiction buckets read the sources file's own jurisdiction column, first match winning so Toronto is not also counted under Canada.
- Source
- Homes & Homelessness Resource Registry
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Ingested 2026-07-02 to 2026-08-08
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- wiki/homes-homelessness/data/MAIN_DATA_003_Resource_Registry.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — sources
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Publications 1995–2026, retrieved July 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_sources.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
Every document anybody on this project logged, including the ones that turned out to be useless: 418 of the 1,302 entries support no claim at all. The `category` column was written by hand across several ingestion passes and has drifted into 285 near-duplicate values, so category counts are indicative and the domain rollup is the reliable cut. `extraction_quality` is unrecorded for 1,285 rows and should not be read as a quality judgement.
The 174 documents the pinned claims actually cite. Roughly a third are published by the governments whose performance the claims describe, which is not a flaw — primary records are the point — but it is the reason the jurisdiction and publisher splits are printed rather than summarised.
Publication years, 1995–2026
43.1% of the sources
were published in the
last two years
A claim about a housing system that changed in 2024 cannot rest on a 2016 report. 75 of 174 cited sources carry a 2025 or 2026 date. The oldest is from 1995, and it is cited for history rather than for a current figure.
Receipt
Publication year is the source's own stated year, not the date it was retrieved. Sources with no year are excluded from the histogram (0 rows) but counted in every total.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — sources
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Publications 1995–2026, retrieved July 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_sources.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
The 174 documents the pinned claims actually cite. Roughly a third are published by the governments whose performance the claims describe, which is not a flaw — primary records are the point — but it is the reason the jurisdiction and publisher splits are printed rather than summarised.
A recent publication date is not the same as a recent measurement. A 2026 report can carry 2021 census figures, and several here do.
67 source categories
What kind of thing
is being cited
Audit reports and peer-reviewed articles carry different weight from news coverage and advocacy pages, and a corpus that mixes them without saying so is asking to be misread. Every cited source carries its own category.
Receipt
Categories and publishers are taken verbatim from the sources file. Category names were written by hand and have drifted, so near-duplicates such as “municipal-report” and “municipal-staff-report” are left separate rather than merged on a guess.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — sources
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Publications 1995–2026, retrieved July 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_sources.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
The 174 documents the pinned claims actually cite. Roughly a third are published by the governments whose performance the claims describe, which is not a flaw — primary records are the point — but it is the reason the jurisdiction and publisher splits are printed rather than summarised.
773 entries
What the ledger
actually measures
A ledger of 773 entries sounds like 773 numbers. It is not. 102 of them record a status rather than a quantity — whether a bill passed, whether a URL still resolves — and 15 are marked as inference or estimate rather than fact.
89.7% of ledger entries carry a URL a reader can open right now — 80 do not, and those name a document instead. Both are receipts; only one of them can be checked in a browser.
Receipt
Unit and kind are read from the ledger's own columns. “No unit recorded” counts blank cells, which are mostly status entries filed before the unit column existed. A URL counts only if it begins http:// or https://.
- Source
- Toronto Homelessness & Housing Economics Claim Ledger
- Published by
- uniteTOlove / Toronto Auditor General & Budget Committee
- Period
- 2020–2025
- Retrieved
- 12 July 2026
- File
- data/civic/claim_ledger.csv
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
Every figure cross-referenced with Toronto Auditor General reports (2022, 2025), City of Toronto budget notes, and Street Needs Assessments. Unit economics (e.g. $359/night warming centre costs) reflect audited actuals.
195 pinned claims
What the claims
are about
The pinned-claims file is homelessness-specific by design, and its topic spread shows what the research actually went looking for: overwhelmingly what works, then why it happens, then encampments.
52.3% of pinned claims
18.5% of pinned claims
17.9% of pinned claims
5.1% of pinned claims
3.1% of pinned claims
2.6% of pinned claims
0.5% of pinned claims
The verification pass ran between 30 July 2026 and 8 August 2026, across 3 working sittings. Every pinned claim carries the path it was checked along, naming the document and the section.
Receipt
Topics are taken from each claim's topics column, split on the pipe character. Dates are the verified_date column; “sittings” counts distinct dates rather than elapsed days.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — claims
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Verified 30 July – 8 August 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_claims.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
One row per sentence pinned to a primary source, carrying the verification path that stood it up. Thirteen rows are marked UNVERIFIED-REMOVED: they were written, checked, and could not be confirmed. They stay in the file because a corpus that deletes its failures cannot be audited. Every claim here is about homelessness policy specifically and does not generalise to other domains.
The ones that were struck out
Every claim that
did not survive
All 17 of them, in full. This is the part of a research corpus that is normally invisible, and it is the part that tells you whether the rest was checked.
| Claim | What it said | File |
|---|---|---|
| CL-120100 | No primary source could be located supporting a claim that Houston housed 10,000 people in a 5-year window; the closest documented figure is a decrease of approximately 4,900 people in the 2011-2016 point-in-time count, a different metric (population reduction, not a housed-count) from any 5-year housed total. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120104 | No primary source could be located for two Finland figures that circulate in AI-tool output: a claim that Finland's long-term homelessness fell from a baseline of 3,500 to under 1,000, and a claim that Finland has '5,000+ units' of homelessness-related housing -- the actual long-term homelessness series (2021: 1,318; 2024: 1,010; 2025: 1,306, +29%) never shows a 3,500 baseline or a sub-1,000 trough in any year checked, and the 5,000+ figure appears to be a garbled conflation of Finland's national homelessness headcount (which did fall under 5,000 in 2019) with a housing-units count -- Finland's Y-Foundation itself owns more than 18,500 apartments, not 5,000. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120115 | Toronto's 2026 Budget documents the only quantified HSCIS operating-savings figures found in any primary source: the first seven HSCIS-funded shelter sites are projected to result in a net incremental operating cost of $5.6 million over the ten-year plan (3 sites +$26.3M cost offset by 4 sites -$20.7M savings), while an additional six 2026-budget sites are projected to realize net incremental operating savings of $23.7 million over the ten-year plan (1 flex site +$4.6M cost offset by 5 sites -$28.3M savings) -- these audited per-tranche figures should replace commonly-circulated but unsupported claims of '$33.6 million saved per site' or 'net $187.3 million over ten years,' neither of which could be located in any HSCIS primary document across the 2023-2026 report series. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120116 | Toronto Shelter and Support Services' Operating Budget is reported three distinct ways that should never be conflated: gross expenditures ($897.957 million in 2025, $786.068 million in 2026 -- the full cost of running shelters/outreach/drop-ins before revenue offsets), revenue ($656.778 million 2025, $550.927 million 2026 -- mostly provincial/federal cost-shares for refugee and base-shelter programs), and net expenditures, what the City's own tax base actually funds ($241.178 million 2025, $235.141 million 2026). A separately-circulating figure of '$300-400M operations' or '$1.2B all-services' spanning TSSS plus other City divisions could not be traced to any primary document. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120121 | A commonly-repeated claim that Toronto faces a 2025 senior-government homelessness-funding gap of $153 million, split as $107 million federal plus $46 million provincial, could not be traced to any primary source for its combined total or its provincial component; the $107 million federal figure alone is solidly confirmed (Mayor Chow's Sept 26, 2025 letter to Executive Committee, adopted as EX26.13), but no City document, news report, or council item combines this with a $46 million provincial figure, and the confirmed COHB year-over-year cut (2025 to 2026: $19.75M minus $7.95M = $11.8M; even 2024 to 2026: $38M minus $7.95M = $30.05M) does not arithmetically reconcile with $46 million under any combination checked. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120124 | No Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing, Financial Accountability Office of Ontario, or City of Toronto primary source could be located stating that Ontario represents approximately two-thirds of provincial homelessness spending in the framing some draft material attributes to 'Open Council' sourcing -- the only adjacent 'two-thirds' figure findable in searches concerns a different claim entirely (Ottawa's dependency on the province for its own homelessness-program funding), not Toronto's provincial-spending-share question. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120127 | No City of Toronto, CMHC, Ontario government, or peer-reviewed source could be located stating a $613/month figure for supportive housing costs; the figure appears to originate in an unsourced social-media graphic and should not be carried into the flagship. A defensible, primary-adjacent (2012 Homeless Hub academic report, summarized by CAMH/EENet) Toronto-specific cost comparison instead gives: City rent supplement $701/month, social housing unit $199.92/month, versus shelter bed $1,932/month, provincial jail $4,333/month, and hospital bed $10,900/month -- though these are 2012-vintage figures (likely ~2010-11 dollars) and should be inflation-flagged if used. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120134 | No primary document -- not TASSC's own site, City of Toronto reports, or academic literature -- states a 40-50% community-based estimate of Indigenous homelessness prevalence in Toronto, a figure that circulates in some draft material. TASSC's own most current, most comprehensive community report (October 2024) states instead: approximately 20% of people experiencing homelessness in Toronto identify as Indigenous (point-in-time, SNA-derived); 15% per the 2021 SNA specifically; 59% of TASSC's own survey respondents reported having experienced homelessness/houselessness at some point in their lifetime (a lifetime-prevalence metric, not a point estimate); and 35% of Indigenous adults in Toronto were precariously housed or experiencing homelessness at the time of a 2016 survey, a figure TASSC's own report explicitly attributes to Our Health Counts, not to TASSC's own count. None of these combine to or approximate 40-50%. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120143 | Toronto's average rent across all unit sizes was $1,917 a month as of October 2025, with bachelor units averaging $1,491 and one-bedrooms $1,761; the book's stated prior-year comparator of $1,830 is the October 2023 total, not October 2024's actual total of $1,852. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120157 | The National Housing Strategy has committed $60.09 billion nationally (as of Dec 31 2024) against its original $115-billion, ten-year target; combined new-construction (156,640 units) and repair (298,473 units) activity totals 455,113 units, well over 300,000 -- the book's stated 'over 300,000 units' figure is accurate but understates the true combined total by roughly 150,000 units. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120170 | The near-term forcing function is the funding cliff facing the federally funded Unsheltered Homelessness and Encampments Initiative, which sunsets March 31, 2026. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120180 | Toronto Shelter and Support Services' own ten-year capital plan shows senior-government contributions at just 1.2% of total financing, with the City debt-financing 72%, or $690.1 million, of shelter capital itself. | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-120200 | The rent-supplement line is priced at $22,264 per household per year, a figure derived from a single sentence in a mayoral letter: an $11.8 million Canada-Ontario Housing Benefit cut 'eliminating support for roughly 530 households.' | receipts_claims.csv |
| CL-034 | Encampment clearance relocation | claim_ledger.csv |
| CL-124 | TPS $48M mental health cost — NOT TPS primary source | claim_ledger.csv |
| CL-174 | Ambulance 8.1x claim — UNVERIFIED SOURCE | claim_ledger.csv |
| CL-193 | CIHI psychiatric admission cost — REMOVED | claim_ledger.csv |
Receipt
Every row in either file whose trust column reads UNVERIFIED-REMOVED, printed verbatim. Nothing here is used anywhere else on this site.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — claims
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Verified 30 July – 8 August 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_claims.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
- Source
- Toronto Homelessness & Housing Economics Claim Ledger
- Published by
- uniteTOlove / Toronto Auditor General & Budget Committee
- Period
- 2020–2025
- Retrieved
- 12 July 2026
- File
- data/civic/claim_ledger.csv
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
One row per sentence pinned to a primary source, carrying the verification path that stood it up. Thirteen rows are marked UNVERIFIED-REMOVED: they were written, checked, and could not be confirmed. They stay in the file because a corpus that deletes its failures cannot be audited. Every claim here is about homelessness policy specifically and does not generalise to other domains.
Every figure cross-referenced with Toronto Auditor General reports (2022, 2025), City of Toronto budget notes, and Street Needs Assessments. Unit economics (e.g. $359/night warming centre costs) reflect audited actuals.
The full base
Every source a claim rests on
All 174 of them, with publisher, year, jurisdiction and the date this project last retrieved the document.
| Title | Publisher | Year | Jurisdiction | Retrieved |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addressing Homelessness | Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing | 2025 | ca/on | 2026-07-13 |
| Audit of Toronto Shelter and Support Services – Warming Centres and Winter Respite Sites | City of Toronto Auditor General | 2025 | ca/on | 2026-07-13 |
| 2024 Street Needs Assessment | City of Toronto | 2024 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-13 |
| Tribunals Ontario 2024-25 Annual Report | Tribunals Ontario | 2025 | ca/on | 2026-07-12 |
| 2024 Street Needs Assessment: Toronto | City of Toronto | 2024 | ca/on | 2026-07-12 |
| Street Needs Assessment | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-19 |
| 2026 Budget Notes: Toronto Shelter and Support Services | City of Toronto | 2026 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-19 |
| Shelter Pressures and Access Initiatives - Updates | City of Toronto, Toronto Shelter and Support Services | 2025 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-19 |
| City of Toronto update on shelter system capacity pressures | City of Toronto | 2023 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-19 |
| Reaching Home: Canada's Homelessness Strategy | Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada | 2024 | ca | 2026-07-19 |
| Public Sector Salary Disclosure (Sunshine List), 2025 | Government of Ontario | 2025 | ca/on | 2026-07-19 |
| An Investigation into the City's Decision to Stop Allowing Refugee Claimants into Base Shelter System Beds | Ombudsman Toronto | 2024 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-19 |
| The Way Home Houston: Our Shared Success | The Way Home Houston | 2026 | intl/us | 2026-07-27 |
| Audit of TSSS -- Warming Centres and Winter Respite Sites (AG backgrounder PDF) | City of Toronto, Auditor General's Office | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Cost-Effectiveness of Housing First With Assertive Community Treatment (Latimer et al. 2020) | Psychiatric Services | 2020 | ca | |
| At Home/Chez Soi -- National Final Report (Cross-Site) | Mental Health Commission of Canada | 2014 | ca | |
| Housing First Monitoring Report: 1 October 2024 to 31 March 2025 | Scottish Government | 2025 | intl/gb | |
| Homeless People 2025 (statistics) | Varke (Housing Finance and Development Centre of Finland) | 2025 | intl/fi | |
| 2021 Street Needs Assessment results backgrounder | City of Toronto | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| 2018 Street Needs Assessment Results Report | City of Toronto | 2018 | ca/on/tor | |
| Bill C-66 Legislative Summary (LS-334E) | Library of Parliament | 1999 | ca | |
| The Rise and Fall of Co-op Housing in Ontario | Social Policy in Ontario | 2024 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Cuts Back | The Canadian Encyclopedia | 1995 | ca/on | |
| Toronto's Golden Report on homelessness (1999 coverage) | World Socialist Web Site | 1999 | ca/on/tor | |
| Eighteen years ago we declared homelessness a national disaster | rabble.ca | 2016 | ca/on/tor | |
| Toronto Final Report -- At Home/Chez Soi Project | Mental Health Commission of Canada | 2014 | ca/on/tor | |
| Medicine Hat Achieves Functional Zero | Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness (CAEH) | 2021 | ca/ab | |
| London Solves Veteran Homelessness -- First in Canadian History | City of London, Ontario | 2023 | ca/on | |
| Central Intake | City of Toronto | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Pathways to Housing | Wikipedia | 2026 | intl/us | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directives | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Multi-Unit Residential Acquisition Program (MURA) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Item 2023.EC7.7 -- Homelessness Services Capital Infrastructure Strategy | City of Toronto Council | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| At Home/Chez Soi -- Toronto Site Final Report | Mental Health Commission of Canada | 2014 | ca/on/tor | 2026-07-30 |
| Street Needs Assessment Results 2009 | City of Toronto | 2009 | ca/on/tor | |
| 2013 Street Needs Assessment Results | City of Toronto | 2013 | ca/on/tor | |
| Homelessness Services Resource Inventory (Attachment 1, Item 2025.EC21.6) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| TASSC Member Agencies list | Toronto Aboriginal Support Services Council | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Indigenous Peoples' Experience of Homelessness in Toronto (2021 SNA Indigenous report) | City of Toronto SSHA and Toronto Indigenous Community Advisory Board | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| Our Health Counts Toronto — homelessness prevalence study (Canadian Journal of Public Health) | Springer / Canadian Public Health Association | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Latimer et al. (2019), Cost-Effectiveness of Housing First With Intensive Case Management — At Home/Chez Soi (JAMA Network Open) | PubMed Central | 2019 | ca | |
| Latimer et al. (2020), Cost-Effectiveness of Housing First With Assertive Community Treatment — At Home/Chez Soi (Psychiatric Services) | PubMed / American Psychiatric Association | 2020 | ca | |
| ODSP Income Support Directive 6.1 — Basic Needs | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| ODSP Income Support Directive 6.2 — Shelter | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Policy on preventing discrimination based on mental health disabilities and addictions — Appendix: Historical context | Ontario Human Rights Commission | 2014 | ca/on | |
| 2016 Annual Report, Value-for-Money §3.12 — Specialty Psychiatric Hospital Services | Office of the Auditor General of Ontario | 2016 | ca/on | |
| Financialized landlords and Toronto rental housing (Urban Geography, 2025) | Taylor & Francis | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Financialized landlords and eviction filings in Toronto (Mah & August, 2025) | Environment and Planning A (SAGE) | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Methodological rebuttal to the August financialized-landlord eviction research | REALPAC | 2025 | ca | |
| Evaluation of the Housing First Pilots — Final Synthesis Report | UK Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (ICF) | 2024 | intl/gb | |
| The Way Home hits milestone — 57% reduction in homelessness since 2011 | The Way Home / Coalition for the Homeless of Houston | 2016 | intl/us | |
| Houston homelessness facts and figures | Coalition for the Homeless of Houston | 2026 | intl/us | |
| How Houston Cut Its Homeless Population by Nearly Two-Thirds | Governing | 2023 | intl/us | |
| How Houston's homelessness breakthrough could be a national game-changer (Eichenbaum & Nichols op-ed) | CNN | 2023 | intl/us | |
| How Finland Ended Homelessness — Cityscape 22(2) (Shinn & Khadduri) | U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | 2020 | intl/fi | |
| Homelessness in Finland | Wikipedia | 2026 | intl/fi | |
| Y-Säätiö — History | Y-Säätiö | 2026 | intl/fi | |
| Medicine Hat, AB — Chronic Functional Zero Case Study | Built for Zero Canada | 2021 | ca | |
| The Vienna Model — socialhousing.wien | City of Vienna | 2026 | intl/at | |
| Setting the Record Straight on the Vienna Social Housing Model | American Enterprise Institute | 2023 | intl/at | |
| On Utah's 91 Percent Decrease in Chronic Homelessness (Corinth) | American Enterprise Institute | 2016 | intl/us | |
| The Rise and Fall of 'Housing First' in Utah (Calton) | Independent Institute | 2025 | intl/us | |
| Benefits of scaling 'housing first' approach to address homelessness (I-SPHERE) | Heriot-Watt University | 2022 | intl/gb | |
| Housing First in Scotland — Check-Up 2022 | Homeless Network Scotland | 2022 | intl/gb | |
| Planning and Housing Committee backgroundfile-257007 (COHB allocation) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| 2025 Budget Notes — Toronto Shelter and Support Services | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Rapid Housing Initiative (program page) | Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation | 2026 | ca | |
| HousingTO Action Plan update — Planning and Housing Committee backgroundfile-248631 | City of Toronto | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Item 2025.EX26.13 — Cuts to Federal and Provincial Support for Housing | City of Toronto Council | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| City Council backgroundfile-253941 (IHAP reimbursement structure) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Cuts to Federal and Provincial Support for Housing — Mayor's letter to Executive Committee (backgroundfile-258825) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Planning and Housing Committee backgroundfile-259506 (HousingTO capital commitments) | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Canada Office Figures, Q1 2026 | CBRE | 2026 | ca | |
| City of Toronto homeless encampment clearing costs | Global News | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| Toronto spent $2 million clearing three homeless encampments | NOW Toronto | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| The Real Cost of Homelessness: Can We Save Money by Doing the Right Thing? (Gaetz, 2012) | Canadian Observatory on Homelessness (CAMH EENet mirror) | 2012 | ca | |
| Social Housing Waiting List Reports | City of Toronto | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Ontario Works (program page) | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Table 11-10-0104 (full table download) | Statistics Canada | 2026 | ca | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directive 6.2 — Basic Needs | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directive 6.3 — Shelter | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directive 6.16 — Emergency Hostels and Shelters | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directive 6.1 — Calculating Assistance | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Works Policy Directive 7.5 — Housing-Related Benefits | Government of Ontario | 2026 | ca/on | |
| To Higher Ground — TARP 10-Year Legacy Review (October 2024) | Toronto Aboriginal Support Services Council | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| The Evolution of Canada's Social Housing Stock | Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer | 2025 | ca | |
| 20 Years Ago, Canada Had a Housing Plan | Canada Without Poverty | 2014 | ca | |
| Federal Role in Housing | Wellesley Institute | 2006 | ca | |
| Social Housing Responsibility in Ontario | OpenCouncil | 2026 | ca/on | |
| The Toronto Shelter Zoning By-law | Cities Centre, University of Toronto (Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada) | 2009 | ca/on/tor | |
| Toronto — Historical Average Rents by Bedroom Type | CMHC Housing Market Information Portal | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Canada's Vacancy Rate Rises Amid Historically High Rental Construction | CMHC | 2025 | ca | |
| Preventing Evictions in Toronto: A Handbook for Renters | City of Toronto | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Growth of Financial Landlords Driving Affordable Housing Crisis, Says Alum Martine August | University of Toronto Alumni | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| From Incarceration to Encampment (Rethinking Justice and Housing) | John Howard Society of Ontario | 2025 | ca/on | |
| Nowhere to go: Barriers to discharge for homeless patients from hospital in Toronto | Canadian Journal of Public Health (Springer) | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| 2024 Pre-Budget Recommendations (Brief to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance) | Toronto Alliance to End Homelessness | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| HousingTO 2020-2030 Action Plan: 2024-2025 Housing Progress Report | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| 2025 Budget Notes — Toronto Shelter and Support Services Housing Secretariat Program Funding | City of Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Reaching Home: Toronto Community Plan 2024-2028 | City of Toronto (Shelter, Support and Housing Administration) | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Progress on the National Housing Strategy - December 2024 | Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada | 2024 | ca | |
| 2025 Federal Pre-Budget Submission | Ontario Aboriginal Housing Services | 2024 | ca/on | |
| Inclusionary Zoning Policy: Overview | City of Toronto | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Item 2023.EX9.3 — Generational Approach to Transforming Toronto's Housing System | Toronto City Council | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| Hospital Costs and Length of Stay Among Homeless Patients Admitted to Medical, Surgical, and Psychiatric Services | Homeless Hub (citing Weaver, Hoch, Hwang & Aubry, Medical Care, 2011) | 2011 | ca/on/tor | |
| Homelessness at discharge and its impact on psychiatric readmission and physician follow-up: a population-based cohort study | ICES (Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences) | 2020 | ca/on | |
| Toronto Shelter Safety Study (CAMH/TSSS presentation) | City of Toronto (Economic and Community Development Committee background file, study led by CAMH) | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Opening Doors to Stable Housing: An Effective Waiting List and Reduced Vacancy Rates Will Help More People Access Housing | Auditor General of Toronto | 2019 | ca/on/tor | |
| Dunn House hospital-led supportive housing project — first-year results | CBC News | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| From Incarceration to Encampment — John Howard Society of Ontario report coverage | CBC News | 2025 | ca/on | |
| $50-million class action lawsuit over Toronto's refugee-claimant shelter ban | CBC News | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| Unsheltered Homelessness and Encampments Initiative (UHEI) | Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada | 2026 | ca | |
| Toronto council votes down motion to open federal armouries as emergency shelters | CBC News | 2017 | ca/on/tor | |
| Shelter violence: how many incidents were there, really? | FactCheckToronto | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| City of Toronto's Modular Housing Initiative: The Need to Balance Fast Delivery with Stronger Management of Contracts and Costs | Auditor General of Toronto | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| Gender-based disparities in shelter access, harm reduction, and mortality among people experiencing homelessness (Ali et al.) | BMC Public Health (Springer) | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Shelter unavailable: what the FOI data shows about turnaways from Central Intake | FactCheckToronto | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| City of Toronto Purchase of Service shelter per diem rates and operator financial reporting (2010 baseline / operator trajectories) | Homeless Hub / City of Toronto staff report compilation | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| Homelessness support is a growing sector of the labour force | Statistics Canada (The Daily) | 2023 | ca | |
| Toronto Drop-In Network — homepage | Toronto Drop-In Network | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Reaching Home: Community Homelessness Report for Toronto 2019-2021, Appendix A | City of Toronto (Shelter, Support and Housing Administration) | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| Recovery Education for Adults Transitioning From Homelessness: A Longitudinal Outcome Evaluation (Durbin et al.) | Frontiers in Psychiatry | 2021 | ca/on/tor | |
| Learning from 25 years of preventative interventions in Scotland — Case Study 9 (Housing First Pathfinder) | Scottish Government | 2025 | intl/gb | |
| City of Toronto and Wigwamen Inc. Celebrate the Acquisition of 23 Permanently Affordable Homes Through the Multi-Unit Residential Acquisition Program | City of Toronto | 2023 | ca/on/tor | |
| Toronto's 250 modular supportive housing units — Phase 1 opening and program details | STOREYS | 2020 | ca/on/tor | |
| Canada Creates New Affordable Homes in Toronto (Rapid Housing Initiative Rounds 1-2) | CMHC | 2022 | ca/on/tor | |
| The Cost of Inaction: Healthcare Expenses Associated with Homelessness in Toronto | Homeless Hub | 2024 | ca/on/tor | |
| Cost of Ending Homelessness | Homeless Hub | 2026 | ca | |
| Part 1 of the Audit of Emergency Shelters: A Focus on Case Management | Auditor General of Toronto | 2022 | ca/on/tor | |
| Funding for Urgent, Unmet Indigenous Housing Projects in Urban, Rural and Northern Areas to Be Distributed Through the National Indigenous Collaborative Housing Inc. | Indigenous Services Canada | 2023 | ca | |
| National Housing Strategy Act, S.C. 2019, c.29, s.313 (consolidated text) | Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada | 2019 | ca | |
| Canada Needs a National Right to Housing Strategy (Federal Housing Advocate's 2022-2023 Annual Report) | Federal Housing Advocate / Canadian Human Rights Commission | 2023 | ca | |
| Prime Minister Carney Launches Build Canada Homes | Prime Minister of Canada | 2025 | ca | |
| Homelessness Reduction Innovation Fund (HRIF) | Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness | 2025 | ca | |
| Government of Canada and Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness Work Together to Reduce Homelessness (HRIF Round 1 announcement) | Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada | 2025 | ca | |
| National Indigenous Collaborative Housing Inc. — homepage | National Indigenous Collaborative Housing Inc. (NICHI) | 2026 | ca | |
| Indigenous Funding Stream | City of Toronto | 2026 | ca/on/tor | |
| Meeting in the Middle: Engagement Strategy & Action Plan | City of Toronto Shelter, Support and Housing Administration (SSHA) & Toronto Aboriginal Support Services Council (TASSC) | 2018 | ca/on/tor | |
| Closing the Infrastructure Gap by 2030 — Housing (National Cost Estimate) | Assembly of First Nations | 2024 | ca | |
| National First Nations Homelessness Action Plan | Assembly of First Nations (via Homeless Hub) | 2023 | ca | |
| Our Work — Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario | Advocacy Centre for Tenants Ontario (ACTO) | 2026 | ca/on | |
| A Canada Housing Accord: Bringing Governments Together to Fix Housing and Homelessness | Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness | 2023 | ca | |
| Welfare in Canada — Ontario | Maytree | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Heegsma v. Hamilton (City), 2024 ONSC 7154 | Ontario Superior Court of Justice (CanLII) | 2024 | ca/on | |
| Case Summary: Heegsma v. Hamilton (City) | Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Parks Without Encampments Is Ontario Homelessness Policy | Spark Solidarity | 2026 | ca/on | |
| Community Mental Health and Addictions at a Crisis Point: CMHA Ontario at Budget Committee | Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario (CMHA Ontario) | 2023 | ca/on | |
| 2026 Pre-Budget Submission | Canadian Mental Health Association, Ontario (CMHA Ontario) | 2025 | ca/on | |
| The State of Mental Health in Canada 2024 | Canadian Mental Health Association, Ottawa | 2024 | ca/on | |
| Canada-Ontario Housing Benefit (COHB) Program Guidelines | Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing | 2020 | ca/on | |
| Ontario Housing Law 101: Trouble Finding Housing | Canadian Centre for Housing Rights | 2026 | ca/on | |
| How Finland Ended Homelessness | Cityscape Vol. 22 No. 2, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | 2020 | intl/fi | |
| About Us — Key Figures | Y-Foundation (Y-Saatio) | 2025 | intl/fi | |
| Record Rise in Homelessness in Finland in 2025 | Y-Foundation (Y-Saatio) | 2026 | intl/fi | |
| Asunnottomat 2025 (Homeless persons 2025) | Varke (Finnish Housing Finance and Development Centre, formerly ARA) | 2026 | intl/fi | |
| Eviction Prevention (Centre for Secure Tenancy / FAWOS) | City of Vienna (Socialhousing.wien) | 2026 | intl/at | |
| Housing First in Focus: Glasgow | Homeless Network Scotland | 2024 | intl/gb | |
| Evaluation of the Housing First Pilots — Final Synthesis Report | Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC) / ICF | 2024 | intl/gb | |
| Building a Case for Housing First: Regional Pilots Final Evaluation Report | Homeless Link | 2024 | intl/gb | |
| Housing First and Homelessness: The Rhetoric and the Reality | Manhattan Institute (Stephen Eide) | 2020 | intl/us | |
| The Cost of Homelessness: A Perspective from the United States (Culhane) | European Journal of Homelessness Vol. 2 Issue 1, FEANTSA | 2008 | intl/us | |
| Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies Press) | 2018 | intl/us | |
| Family Options Study: 3-Year Impacts of Housing and Services Interventions for Homeless Families | U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research | 2016 | intl/us | |
| Homelessness Can Require Complex Solutions | American Enterprise Institute (Kevin Corinth, orig. New York Times 'Room for Debate') | 2015 | intl/us | |
| Rejecting Housing First: Why America's Homelessness Strategy Failed and How to Fix It | Cicero Institute (Devon Kurtz) | 2024 | intl/us | |
| Breaking the Homelessness-Jail Cycle with Housing First: Results from the Denver Supportive Housing Social Impact Bond Initiative | Urban Institute | 2021 | intl/us | |
| What a Denver Program Shows about Supportive Housing and Mortality | Urban Institute (Urban Wire) | 2022 | intl/us | |
| Effect of Emergency Winter Homeless Shelters on Property Crime | Journal of Experimental Criminology (Faraji, Ridgeway & Wu) | 2018 | ca | |
| We Are Neighbours: The Impact of Supportive Housing on Community, Social, Economic and Attitude Changes | The Dream Team (with University of Toronto and Wellesley Institute) | 2008 | ca/on/tor | |
| The Way Home anniversary — more than 28,000 people housed since 2012 | The Way Home Houston | 2023 | intl/us | |
| The effect of a Housing First intervention on substance use problems among homeless individuals with mental illness (Kirst et al., Toronto site) | Drug and Alcohol Dependence (PubMed) | 2015 | ca/on/tor | |
| City of Toronto's Inclusionary Zoning Bylaw Finally Takes Effect After Years of Provincial Delay and Interference in Local Democracy | Social Planning Toronto | 2025 | ca/on/tor | |
| HART comments on Ontario's Bill 23: More Homes Built Faster | Housing Assessment Resource Tools (UBC) | 2022 | ca/on | |
| Follow-Up on Value-for-Money Audit: Homelessness | Office of the Auditor General of Ontario | 2023 | ca/on | 2026-07-13 |
Receipt
The sources file in full, unedited. Jurisdiction codes are the file's own: ca/on/tor is Toronto, intl/fi is Finland.
- Source
- Homelessness receipts — sources
- Published by
- uniteTOlove research library
- Period
- Publications 1995–2026, retrieved July 2026
- Retrieved
- 8 August 2026
- File
- research/homelessness/receipts_sources.csv
- Licence
- CC BY-SA 4.0
The 174 documents the pinned claims actually cite. Roughly a third are published by the governments whose performance the claims describe, which is not a flaw — primary records are the point — but it is the reason the jurisdiction and publisher splits are printed rather than summarised.